Physical effort cannot be dissociated from the overall context of mountaineering.
Alpine activity involves an increased expenditure of energy and an adaptation of the body’s various functions.
It’s worth noting that brisk walking consumes six times more calories than prolonged standing, and climbing ten times more.
What’s more, water is lost and the body’s balance of mineral salts is upset. In order to better understand the importance of the means available to us to fight against the aggression of physical effort on our body, which results in fatigue, it is necessary to understand the process of muscular energy formation.
The muscular system as a whole accounts for almost a third of the body’s weight. The muscle is a machine that transforms chemical energy into mechanical energy, which is the driving force behind movement. It is the last link in a chain of functions that includes the heart, the nervous system, thermoregulation, energy supply, oxygenation and waste evacuation. The reaction that produces muscular energy can be summarised as follows:
Nutrients + oxygen = mechanical energy + heat + waste
Nutrients are the fuels (carbohydrates, proteins and fats) produced by the digestion of food.
Oxygen enables nutrients to be oxidised and energy to be produced (aerobic energy process). Certain brief and violent efforts can be made in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic energy process).
The mechanical energy produced by muscular contraction is the driving force behind movement.
Like internal combustion engines, the muscular machine is inefficient. Only 25% of muscular energy is transformed into mechanical energy, while the rest is transformed into heat. This heat is transported to the skin by the blood and it is the evaporation of sweat that eliminates the superfluous calories. The loss of water through sweat must be compensated for by drinking.
Waste products are the end products of energy reactions. This is lactic acid in anaerobic reactions. The accumulation of lactic acid causes cramps. It is also carbon dioxide, the classic waste product of aerobic reactions.
For mountaineers, who generally make sustained, medium-power efforts, the aerobic energy production pathway is the most important; this is the endurance energy pathway. In the presence of oxygen, all the nutrients are used up until they are completely broken down.
(Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins) + Oxygen = Energy + CO2 + H2O + Heat.
However, the aerobic pathway is delayed by the inertia of the gas exchange system. It is triggered at the start of exercise but only becomes effective after a few minutes.
At the start of exercise, energy is produced by the anaerobic pathway. There are two sources of energy production in the absence of oxygen. The first results from the breakdown of phosphagen (or creatine phosphate) and the second from the breakdown of glycogen with the production of lactic acid.
Glycogen is the name given to the reserve carbohydrates stored in the muscles and liver.
Phosphagen is the starter substance. Its advantage is its ability to instantly release a large quantity of energy, ATP (adenosine triphosphate), at maximum power, according to the following process:
ATP = ADP (adenosine phosphate) + phosphoric acid + energy
But any degradation of ATP requires repair in order to maintain the next muscle contraction.
But this repair depends on glucose, hence the importance of carbohydrates in muscle energy production.
0 commentaires